So how cold does it have to be outside, before one ought to give a car a few minutes to warm up? I tend to do it if the temp is below 50.
If things are below that temperature, and you get to your destination, how long can the car sit before it will need to be warmed up again (to go someplace else)?
A modern car with FI and aluminum block, I wouldn't worry about it until the temp gets below 20 F, unless you live two blocks from the freeway and are going to be immediately up to 70mph.
Parked, I'd guess it would be fine up to a half day or so depending on how cold it is. If it's -40 then yeah it's going to cool off pretty fast.
With my old old pickup, I've found that it can actually warm up while it sits. So sometimes I will start it and stay there with it and idle it a couple minutes, and then shut it off and go back into the house for a while. Maybe ten minutes or so later, I go back out there and re-start it and by that time the combustion heat has spread through the whole engine and most importantly into the intake manifold and carb.
Back in the
old days, I would have to warm up my old truck (gas) even on a summer morning in the mountains before heading out with about 25K # gross.
One thing that I've discovered is that with FI vehicles, they start real good down to about -20 F but below that the computer seems to get all confused and can't figure it out. An unheated carb engine with a choke will usually start down to -40 F or below (at least my Chevy/GMC pickups/trucks always would, assuming the battery would handle it).