Based on other studies that show most folks are most likely to choose the option most likely to provide the surest gain (safest bet), the response of LEOs to "Officer Down" situations shows they are most likely to select an option that is not likely to produce the greatest gain.
Given some of the not-stated issues at play (peer relationship, perceived peer pressure, perceived public pressure to name a few) there are some dynamics that could be areas of additional study for training dynamics. My limited recall of military training doctrine is that the .mil has already assessed and addressed theose dynamics and have been rather sucessful.
stay safe.
skidmark
March 16, 2009
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In this issue:
I. Officer-rescue survey results raise key training issue
II. Force Science News Mailbag
I. Officer-rescue survey results raise key training issue
Surprising preliminary results from a survey about responses to downed-officer rescues suggest it may be more practical to modify training and equipment related to this high-intensity field challenge than to try changing officers' instinctive responses.
"Officers appear to view risk in this situation very differently than would be predicted based on studies of risk in other contexts," says Dr. Matthew Sztajnkrycer, an advisor to the Force Science Research Center and chairman of the emergency medicine research division at the Mayo Clinic, who conducted the poll earlier this year. "Better understanding of the meaning of the survey responses will hopefully result in recommendations on training and equipment that will save the lives of downed officers and rescuers alike."
Sztajnkrycer, a medical director for a city/county SWAT team and a police agency in Minnesota, devised the poll after conducting officer-down training exercises with some 150 LEOs from various departments [see Force Science News #109, sent 11/7/08]. That study revealed that when a colleague is hit and unable to escape the kill zone on his own, officers overwhelmingly attempt an immediate rescue that places them at risk but may not in fact improve the victim's survival odds.
"This occurs," Sztajnkrycer says, "despite receiving thorough instruction on risk/benefit analysis, on how to evaluate the apparent severity of a downed officer's injuries, and on how to assess whether an immediate rescue is actually needed or desirable from a practical risk/benefit standpoint. In these experiments, most officers willingly risked their own lives even to extract colleagues who clearly were already dead."
SURVEY DEMOGRAPHICS. His recent survey, disseminated online through Force Science News and our strategic partner PoliceOne.com, was designed to explore this behavior in greater depth. More than 1,700 LEOs responded from the U.S. and other countries, an impressive number that "speaks to the chord this issue strikes," Sztajnkrycer says.
According to the results, 6% of respondents report having been personally involved in rescuing a downed officer in the last 5 years, "an unexpectedly high number," in Sztajnkrycer's opinion. More than half have been on the job for over 15 years, indicating that "very experienced personnel weighed in." Some 55% work patrol; the rest are divided between full-time SWAT, investigations, administration, reserve, and miscellaneous assignments.
In establishing background information, the respondents were asked: "On a scale of 1-10 (least dangerous to most dangerous), how risky do you consider law enforcement as a profession?" The most commonly ranked number was 8, Sztajnkrycer reports.
"This is a striking finding about the character of the profession," he says. "Cops consider what they do dangerous and they still go out and do it every day. It's easy to do a job when you don't think its risky. It's much harder when you consider yourself in danger every time you go to work."
REVEALING SCENARIO. A core element of the survey was a scenario to which possible responses carry classic psychological connotations. The scenario reads:
"An IED explodes, injuring 3 officers as they respond to a reported 'man with a gun' call. They are lying on the ground, screaming, with shrapnel wounds to the lower extremities. There is quite a bit of blood. If they do not receive medical aid, all 3 officers will bleed to death."
While stressing that there is no "right" answer, respondents were asked to select what "you feel is the best option," :
• A rescue attempt in which 1 officer will be saved.
• A rescue attempt in which there is a 1/3 chance that all 3 officers will be saved, and a 2/3 chance that no officer will be saved.
"This question basically gets at an officer's view of acceptable risk, at least in the setting of downed-officer rescue," Sztajnkrycer says. Previous studies dealing with non-life-threatening issues (financial risk, for example) have established that when people are asked to choose between a sure gain versus a gamble, typically more than 80% will choose the guaranteed gain rather than risk a potentially substantial loss, he explains. "In other words, people generally are risk-averse when dealing with gains."
The choices made by officers in his survey, however, were radically different. Only a minority (30%) opted for the sure thing, while a whopping 70% chose to gamble in hopes of saving all 3 officers, even though the odds were stacked against them.
"More study is required, but where downed officers are concerned it appears that law enforcement looks at risk in a very different way," Sztajnkrycer says. "When you're talking about colleagues in jeopardy, cops are willing to gamble on the chance that more lives will be saved.
"This is a very visceral reaction." In effect, he explains, "you can think of us as thinking using 2 different brains. One is a rational, analyzing brain, which produces answers we are aware of. The other is a feeling, intuitive brain that operates at a subconscious, unaware level.
"In a life-or-death situation, there is not a lot of time to be rational. The rational brain may produce better long-term responses, but it is slower. Under stress, we tend to default to the intuitive brain, in effect taking mental shortcuts to solve urgent problems.
"Afterward, officers may not be able to understand or explain why they made an intuitive decision, but under critical stress they're likely to be guided by their gut."
The survey, coupled with his earlier field observations, causes Sztajnkrycer to speculate that trainers may be wiser to accept that officers will feel compelled to try to rescue a downed colleague, rather than attempting through repeated indoctrination to get them to logically evaluate whether immediate action is really necessary. "It is human nature to want to help. That is a quality we seek out in police officers," he says.
"It's a question of whether you try to train officers to counteract their intuition or you develop and train in tactics and provide equipment like body bunkers for patrol personnel that could work to minimize their risk when they react as they're probably going to react anyway.
"In other words, do you try to overcome strongly impulsive behavior or do you work to accommodate it to make it less dangerous?"
REVISED ABCs. Another revelation from the survey concerns medical responses in the field. In civilian first aid training, officers have been taught the importance of the ABCs: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, prioritized in that order. "Data from the Global War on Terror suggest that this approach is suboptimal when dealing with medical issues in high-threat situations," Sztajnkrycer says.
In his poll, he asked officers to rank the importance of treating a downed officer for bleeding, pain, and troubled breathing. More than 60% said tending to troubled breathing was "very important," the highest option possible, but only 47% characterized stopping bleeding as having that level of urgency.
In reality, statistics from current combat zones indicate that 2/3 of deaths among the wounded are related to bleeding, says Sztajnkrycer. "That's why all forward-deployed soldiers are now getting tourniquets."
ABC should really be reprioritized as CBA, he recommends, with officers taught "new combat aid skills accordingly." [FSN will elaborate on this recommendation in a future transmission.]
UNSTRUCTURED RESPONSES. At the end of his survey, Sztajnkrycer invited participants to submit questions and comments on officer-down crises. He got nearly 500 written responses.
Like some of the rest of the questionnaire data, these have not yet been thoroughly analyzed, but he expects that they will yield "some very insightful observations" that will help in formulating training issues and recommendations.
Sztajnkrycer expects to complete an in-depth analysis of all the survey content in about 8-12 weeks. When his final findings are complete, FSN will report further. Meanwhile, Sztajnkrycer expresses his deep appreciation to all officers who participated in his poll and welcomes additional questions and comments at: Sztajnkrycer.Matthew@mayo.edu.
II. Our readers write...
We always welcome feedback from you and other FSN readers on our reports. Send us your comments to: info@forcescience.org. Meanwhile, here are some of the letters that have landed in our "mailbag" recently.
"Valuable, expert support" for more training
I read your article "Cutting Back on Training? Rethink That Idea" [Reprinted from PoliceOne.com in FS News #117, 2/13/09] and want to thank you for your validation of my same concerns to my agency. We are suffering the same fiscal issues and the next budget is currently being formed.
I plan to present your article to my chief as independent support of my recommendations to increase our training schedule and tempo. Your article will serve as valuable expert support."
Ptlm. Riley Schrader
Southgate (CA) PD
Plain clothes can factor into bad outcomes
A few thoughts on "New study: When civilians would shoot...and when they think you should" [FS News #117, 2/13/09]:
I agree with your observation that the study should be expanded into dynamic scenarios, but I would caution against placing too much reliance on the thinking of 19- and 20-year-old psychology students regarding their expectations of how police officers should respond to potential threats, and/or their reactions to the stimuli encountered in a deadly force situation..
Not only are the members of such a subject pool lacking in life experience or training in dealing with dangerous physical encounters, but also, I think, they can be expected to have world views and biases toward authority figures in general, and law enforcement in particular, which are not reflective of the norm for civil jury pools.
I also think that we should not read too much into the public reaction to the Amadou Diallo incident or to the more recent "Bachelor Party" shooting incident, both of which occurred in New York City and had strong racial overtones imprinted on them by the mass media and the politicians.
Each of those incidents involved plainclothes officers, a factor I believe weighed heavily in shaping public reaction, since the average citizen might be expected to at least consider that the flight responses by the citizens who were being contacted by the officers in those incidents may well have been explained, at least in part, by the fact that the plainclothes officers were mistakenly perceived as criminal assailants by the civilians who fled from them or took other evasive action.
The average citizen (particularly in a crime-ridden and violent place like New York City) can be expected to move from that consideration to the thought that, if confronted by armed individuals in plain clothes, they, too, would have reacted by trying to escape, as did Diallo or the guys in the Bachelor Party incident, and they, too, would have suffered the same fate.
Needless to say, such an analytical train of thought quickly leads one to the conclusion that the cops should have been more judicious in their use-of-force response, particularly in the face of media hysteria and the fanning of racial tensions by "activists" with an ax to grind.
My experience in dealing with deadly force cases involving uniformed officers has been that jurors are generally not prone to knee-jerk anti-police reactions, and seem to be inclined to give the officers a fair hearing.
Jim Wilson
Modesto (CA) City Attorney's Office
"Of considerable use to law enforcement"
Thanks very much for your excellent coverage of my article "To Shoot or Not To Shoot" with Adam Hess ["New study: When civilians would shoot...and when they think you should," FS News #117, 2/13/09]. You did an outstanding job.
I think this may be of considerable use to law enforcement in a variety of use-of-force cases. I'll keep you apprised of further work in this and related areas.
Matthew J. Sharps, psychology professor
California State University, Fresno
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