Are there any calculations that I could use to determine what I can run and for how long?
The formula is:
Q=14.5 PD²
where Q is C.F.M., P is absolute pressure (gage pressure + 14.7) and D is orifice diameter in inches.
Your 10-gallon receiver tank requires 12.31 cubic feet of air to charge from 0 to 135 psi. The 2 gallon tank requires 2.46 cubic feet, for a total of 14.77.
About 1/3 of that is usefull (around 5 scfm). Look on the compressor to find the cubic foot output per minute, and you can calculate the re-charge time.
Yes, by all means, you can piggy back the tanks. Make sure that the add-on tank is rated for the highest output of the compressor. I would recommend the use of hydraulic tubing and fittings for connecting the two, together to reduce pressure drop (probably 1/2")
Note that you should drain the tanks on a regular basis, because this is going to run hot, hence condensation in the tanks.