Can I find a revolver that's in production today that uses the same .45 colt cartridge as the Winchester 1892 short (model 534162141)?
The actual 1892 Winchester was never chambered in .45 Colt. Rossi currently makes a R92 which is a nice copy of the 92 in .45. Several other companies may also make '92 copies in .45.
Many copies of the Colt 1873, or SAA, are available made by Uberti, Pietta, and a few others, and are available in .45 Colt; one of the original calibers the SAA was made in.
When the .45 Colt cartridge first appeared it was a balloon-head cartridge and the rim was thin, and the heat of firing would soften the metal. This made the action of extracting the spent .45 case from a rifle a bit iffy (soft cartridges that jammed easily in hot rifles had been a factor in the 1876 defeat of George Armstrong Custer at the Little Bighorn) so Winchester and other makers had decided not to chamber repeater rifles in this cartridge.
I am not sure what you mean by
"Winchester 1892 short (model 534162141)." Are you refering to carbine length 1892s or the short rifle style? IIRC 1892s were all chambered in pretty much the same calibers (.44-40, .38-40, .32-20, etc) irregardless as to the style of the rifle.