I bet it's a tiny lithium battery and a step-up "inverter" power supply. Probably it does charge a capacitor.
ETA: it doesn't need a battery, there's 5V available on the USB connector
Why would you have to charge a capacitor if you have the higher voltage anyhow?*
More likely "charging up" a small inductor, then letting the field suddenly collapse would generate a high voltage pulse through flyback action.
I 'spect one tiny pulse over 30V on a data line would puncture a lot of MOS devices, no? Thereby screwing up the USB inputs altogether, no?
I doubt you would need any "220 Volts" to mess a machine up, although it is not beyond reality to have the flyback voltage on a small inductor to get that high --although it might self-destruct... no big deal for a one-shot device.
* Although caps would be used in a voltage-doubling circuit.