The last time I saw an educational system that had pretty much figured out how to do what you describe was in England during the 1950's - somewhere around our 6th grade (age 11) kids were tracked either into vocational/clerical training or separated from the drodd and prepped for university to become lawyers, accountants and government bureaucrats.
Not really how it worked, or works where it still exists.
The 11 plus was established by an education act of 1944 (where did they find the time?) and was supposed to set up a tripartite education system.
Grammar schools - highly academic system
Secondary technical schools - technical/scientific education
Secondary modern - practical skills, for lower skilled jobs and house-wifery
In practice there were flaws. The secondary technical schools never appeared on a wide scale, leaving a bipartite system. My dad passed his 11 plus and went to grammar school, but actually for the career he ended up in he would have ideally gone to a secondary technical school as he trained as an electrical engineer. My mother failed hers and went to a secondary modern, but again as she ended up as a radiographer perhaps the non-existent secondary technical school would have been better. Fairly clear that the secondary modern education did not stretch her.
It also appears that the 11 plus favoured certain socio-economic groups, apparently in the early days there were questions about the role of household servants. This was changed, and allegedly those changes then made the test unpopular with the previously supposedly favoured groups.
In places the secondary modern was a very poor relation to the grammar school, badly under-resourced. This and the failure to provide technical schools ended up with the practical situation that passing or failing the 11 plus seemed like it was make or break. That's a lot for an 11 year old to deal with.
In principle the idea isn't that bad, it wasn't properly resourced, possibly because in post-war Britain we couldn't really afford to radically overhaul the education system like that. I have no objection to streaming off in this way at some point, but 11 seems young, I've met plenty of later developers and bright people who failed their 11 plus.
There was a system in this country that worked better, a system of apprenticeships. My dad did one, went on to get an HND and did have the opportunity to make that up to an undergrad degree. He was working, learning technical skills and attending college. This started after O Levels, so 16-17. These days he'd have had to do an undergrad degree to get the same education, and then go into the workplace, and I'm not sure that anyone but the govt is really convinced that this is a superior set-up.