Find the source of the water intrusion before painting the interior.
My guess was that the exterior paint was either the wrong kind or else is worn to nothing, because it looks to me like it's just water absorption by the blocks, kinda like a sponge. I can't see any place that would be a source for water to pour into the wall to the point of making the whole big ass wall look exactly the same regarding those wet areas, most of which seem to follow the grout, the the blocks themselves are slightly damp feeling as well.
This rain came with some pretty strong wind, so I imagine the water was almost horizontally pounding the wall. I got water seepage in the garage as well from it looks like water getting forced past the bottom gaskets on the garage doors in a couple of places.
Oh, also, as I said, I hadn't planned on painting the interior.