But in America immediately after the revolution, there was a governmental structure, and there were laws. The national, federal government was in its infancy, but each state (which had previously existed as a British colony) had a government and a system of laws.
Indeed. It was fundamental to the Patriot movement that they could, and should, rule themselves with their own assemblies, at least in some matters. Their objection to new taxation was less about the tax rate or amount, and very much about who had the right to tax them. Or just read the Declaration, where they cite the King’s interference with their local government and laws. Unless I misunderstand, the people that declared independence were representatives of the governments of each colony.
Theoretically, at least, it could be argued the states/colonies were still under British rule until the treaty of 1783. By then, the Articles of Confederation had been ratified.
I'm not seeing the anarchy.